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Andy Warhol (;〔''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'': "Warhol"〕 born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture, and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives. It is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist. Warhol's art used many types of media, including hand drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, silk screening, sculpture, film, and music. He was also a pioneer in computer-generated art using Amiga computers that were introduced in 1984, two years before his death. He founded ''Interview Magazine'' and was the author of numerous books, including ''The Philosophy of Andy Warhol'' and ''Popism: The Warhol Sixties''. He managed and produced The Velvet Underground, a rock band which had a strong influence on the evolution of punk rock music. He is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. His studio, The Factory, was a well known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons. Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films. He coined the widely used expression "15 minutes of fame". Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable. The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$105 million for a 1963 canvas titled "Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster)". A 2009 article in ''The Economist'' described Warhol as the "bellwether of the art market". Warhol's works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold. ==Early life and beginnings (1928–1949)== Warhol was born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Andy Warhol: Biography )〕 He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola, Sr., 1889–1942)〔(Elder brother of Andy Warhol, who raised young artist, dies aged 85 // Published by Associated Newspapers Ltd )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography )〕〔V. Bockris, ''Warhol: The Biography'', Da Capo Press, 2009, p. 15〕 and Julia (''née'' Zavacká, 1892–1972),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mother )〕 whose first child was born in their homeland (in Ukraine) and died before their move to the U.S. His parents were working-class Lemko〔Paul Robert Magocsi, Ivan Pop, (), University of Toronto Press, 2002〕〔Jane Daggett Dillenberger, (22+biography&hl=en&ei=Hdg8TaXvF8WL4ga2g5nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Warhol%20%22Rusyn%22%20biography&f=false Religious Art of Andy Warhol ), Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p.7〕 emigrants from Mikó (now called Miková), located in today's northeastern Slovakia, part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Warhol's father immigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents. Warhol's father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol (Paul), the oldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator. In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=biography )〕 He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors. Often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident. As a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945. After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art. During his time there, Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society. He also served as art director of the student art magazine, Cano, illustrating a (cover ) in 1948 and a full-page interior illustration in 1949. These are believed to be his first two published artworks. Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949.〔Colacello, Bob (1990), p.19〕 Later that year, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andy Warhol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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